There exists a widespread belief that in the late 1800s, a pizzaiolo constructed a dish called La Pizza Margherita in honor of the Queen of Italy, Margherita of Savoy. The toppings used were to demonstrate and celebrate the unification of Italy, with tomato (red), mozzarella (white) and basil (green)—ingredients inspired by the tricolore, the national flag of Italy. Over the past two years, I...
Mario Lofranco continues his essay on ending the stigma surrounding doping in Sports In the first part of this article series, I refuted the three common arguments for maintaining the prohibition on doping in sport: (1) naturalness; (2) unfair advantage; and (3) the spirit of sport. In this article, I discuss the most common argument in favour of the prohibition against doping – harm – and argue...
Lance Armstrong, Barry Bonds, Alex Rodriguez, and Ben Johnson are just a few of the many decorated athletes known to have used performance enhancing drugs (PEDs). These athletes are now considered “cheaters”, shunned for the use of PEDs to achieve a chemical advantage in their respective sports. They violated the rules, the trust of their fans and colleagues, and the spirit of sport. Over recent...